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12 dependent not on human works but on his call, she was told, “The older shall serve the younger.” 13 As it is written,

“I loved Jacob,
    but Esau I hated.”[a]

14 Has God Been Unjust?[b]What then are we to say to that? Has God been unjust? Of course not!

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Footnotes

  1. Romans 9:13 Hated: in the Biblical sense of the word, that is, “I preferred Jacob.”
  2. Romans 9:14 Paul thinks with astonishment of the unforeseeable calls of God, who chooses individuals and people from the midst of a sinful world. The image of the potter signifies in the Bible the sovereign freedom of God that defies all expectations. The texts from Hosea (2:25 and 11:10) spoke of the conversion of Israel; Paul interprets them as proclamations of an unprecedented initiative of God: the call of the Gentiles.